Postscript
It has been over fourteen years since I stood in that New York apartment reading about the death of my gifted patient. Since then, my professional work has brought me into contact with innumerable people wrestling with the same sexual issues that he had. Most of them, fortunately, have not had to struggle with AIDS, but many have. If I put myself back into the mood of those early days, I would have to say it was grim. Not just because of the specter of illness hanging over the lives of homosexuals, but because of the seeming intractability of their burden, its sheer unfairness. How indeed could anyone add to that burden by criticism of any sort, however tempered?
But since then my mood has changed.I have been extraordinarily fortunate to have met many people who have emerged from the gay life. When I see the personal difficulties they have squarely faced, the sheer courage they have displayed not only in facing these difficulties but also in confronting a culture that uses every possible means to deny the validity of their values, goals, and experiences, I truly stand back in wonder. Certainly they have forced me by the simple testimony of their lives to return again and again to my own self-examination. It is these people — former homosexuals and those still struggling, all across America and abroad — who stand for me as a model of everything good and possible in a world that takes the human heart, and the God of that heart, seriously. In my various explorations within the worlds of psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, and psychiatry, I have simply never before seen such profound healing.
Because it is not really a battle over mere sexuality, but rather over which spirit shall claim our allegiance, the cultural and political battle over homosexuality has become in many respects the defining moment for our society. It has implications that go far beyond the surface matter of “gay rights.” And so the more important dimension of this battle is not the political one, it is the one for the individual human soul. It would be easy in this modern era, when our vision for things invisible is so easily blinded by the dazzling allure of our material accomplishment, to not even take the soul — and her loving, watchful, worried shepherd — seriously. But the soul that emerges in the lives of those who have successfully struggled with homosexuality, and the soul that is in the process of emerging in those who struggle still, is so beautiful that at one stroke her emergence into sight, even dimly, simply shatters the false dazzle of modernity. There is nothing to compare with being present as the skylark takes wing once again, restored to her glorious coat of feathers.
And so, as dangerous a moment as this one may be, when so much of our inheritance stands in the balance, there is great hope as well. Slowly but surely, the great truths that have embodied themselves in the lives of these men and women — after terrible struggle — will be made widely known. More and more people will themselves gain the courage to return home from their long and fruitless wanderings in the wasteland of modern sophistication, however painful that return may be. It is our joyful duty to stand waiting, with open arms, remembering that we too are journeying home.
Notes
[1] I have altered a few other details of this story as well to insure the anonymity of the people involved.
[2] See, for example, S. M. Blower and A. R. McLean, “Prophylactic Vaccines, Risk Behavior Change, and the Probability of Eradicating HIV in San Francisco,” Science 265 (1994), p. 1451.
[3] E. L. Goldman, “Psychological Factors Generate HIV Resurgence in Young Gay Men,” Clinical Psychiatry News, October 1994, p. 5.
[4] R. T. Michael et al., Sex in America: A Definitive Survey (Boston: Little, Brown, 1994). A more rigorous and detailed analysis of the same data set by the same authors that targets a professional readership will also be referred to: E. O. Laumann et al., The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
[5] Goldman, “Psychological Factors,” p. 5.
[6] D. Prager, “Judaism, Homosexuality and Civilization,” Ultimate Issues 6, no. 2 (1990), p. 2.
[7] Laumann et al., The Social Organization of Sexuality, p. 295.
[8] Brookings Institution, “Religion in American Public Life” (1986).
[9] Cited in C. W. Socarides, “Sexual Politics and Scientific Logic: The Issue of Homosexuality,” The Journal of Psychohistory 10, no. 3 (1992), p. 308.
[10] Ibid.
[11] R. Bayer, Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis (New York: Basic Books, 1981), p. 102.
[12] Ibid., pp. 102–3.
[13] Ibid., p. 104.
[14] Ibid., pp. 104–5.
[15] Ibid., pp. 105–6.
[16] Ibid., p. 145.
[17] Ibid., p. 146.
[18] Ibid., pp. 3–4.
[19] As reported by C. Cornett, “Gay Ain’t Broke; No Need to Fix It,” Insight, 6 December 1993, p. 27.
[20] C. Burr, “Homosexuality and Biology,” Atlantic Monthly 271, no. 3 (March 1993), pp. 47–65.
[21] E. Pollard, “Time to Give Up Fascist Tactics,” Washington Blade, 31 January 1992, p. 39.
[22] J. Horgan, “Eugenics Revisited,” Scientific American, June 1993, pp. 123–31.
[23] Paul Billings’s precise comments are cited in the discussion of genetics research that follows.
[24] Quoted in J. M. Bailey et al., “Heritable Factors Influence Sexual Orientations in Women,” Archives of General Psychiatry 50, no. 3, pp. 217–23.
[25] See G. M. Harrington, “Psychology of the Scientist: XXVII. Experimenter Bias: Occam’s Razor versus Pascal’s Wager,” Psychological Reports 21, no. 2 (1967), pp. 527–28; G. M. Harrington and L. H. Ingraham, “Psychology of the Scientist: XXV. Experimenter Bias and Tails of Pascal,” Psychological Reports 21, no. 2 (1967), pp. 513–16; J. G. Adair and J. S. Epstein, “Verbal Cues in the Mediation of Experimenter Bias,” Psychological Reports 22, no. 3 (1968), pp. 1045–53; J. B. Dusek, “Experimenter-bias Effects on the Simple Motor Task Performance of Low- and High-test Anxious Boys and Girls,” Psychological Reports 30, no. 1 (1972), pp. 107–14; P. J. Barber and J. P. Rushton, “Experimenter Bias and Subliminal Perception,” British Journal of Psychology 66, no. 3 (1975), pp. 357–72; R. Rikli, “Physical Performance Scores as a Function of Experimenter Sex and Experimenter Bias,” Research Quarterly 47, no. 4 (1976), pp. 776–82; D. G. Jamieson and W. M. Petrusic, “On a Bias Induced by the Provision of Feedback in Psychophysical Experiments,” Acta Psychologia (Amsterdam) 40, no. 3 (1976), pp. 199–206; D. Belton and R. Ware, “Effect of Instructions on the Disappearance of Steadily Fixated Luminous Figures,” Journal of General Psychology 104 (1981), pp. 249–56, second half; R. Rogers et al., “Scientific Inquiry in Forensic Psychiatry,” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 5, no. 2 (1982), pp. 187–203; F. M. Levine and L. L. De Simone, “The Effects of Experimenter Gender on Pain Report in Male and Female Subjects,” Pain 44, no. 1 (1991), pp. 69–72.
[26] Socarides, “Sexual Politics and Scientific Logic,” pp. 316–17.
[27] T. S. Eliot, “East Coker IV,” Four Quartets in The Complete Poems and Plays (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1971), p. 127.
[28] Or “a blessing.” Interestingly, our word “to bless” is cognate to the French blesser, meaning “to wound,” just as our “gift” is cognate to the German word Gift meaning “poison.” The same opposing meanings of the Hebrew “to bless” can be found in the Bible and in Talmudic commentaries on the word.
[29] E. Coleman et al., “Sexual and Intimacy Dysfunction among Homosexual Men and Women,” Psychiatric Medicine (United States) 10, no. 2 (1992), pp. 257–71.
[30] L. S. Doll et al., “Self-Reported Childhood and Adolescent Sexual Abuse Among Adult Homosexual/Bisexual Men,” Child Abuse and Neglect 16, no. 6 (1992), pp. 855–64.
[31] C. Mann, “Behavioral Genetics in Transition,” Science 264, pp. 1686–89.
[32] H. Kohut, The Analysis of the Self (New York: International Universities Press, 1971). His school of neo-psychoanalysis is called “self-psychology.”
[33] J. Chasseguet-Smirgel, “The Bright Face of Narcissism and Its Shadowy Depths: A Few Reflections,” Psychiatric Clinics of North America 12, no. 3 (1989), pp. 709–22.
[34] R. H. Hopcke, “Symbols of Gay Male Individuation in The Wizard of Oz,” Quadrant 22, no. 2 (1989), pp. 65–77; R. H. Hopcke, “Midlife, Gay Men, and the AIDS Epidemic,” Quadrant 25, no. 1 (1992), pp. 101–10. The motif of homosexuality as “supernormal” has occurred in earlier episodes of homosexual activism and efflorescence, notable in Germany prior to World Wars I and II.
[35] M. Kirk and H. Madsen, After the Ball: How America Will Conquer Its Fear and Hatred of Gays in the 90’s (New York: Doubleday, 1989).
[36] M. Kirk and E. Pill, “The Overhauling of Straight America,” Guide, November 1987, p. 24.
[37] R. T. Michael et al., Sex in America: A Definitive Survey (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1994), p. 134. Paul Robinson, a professor at Stanford University and expert on sexual research notes: “The great strength of the new study is that its participants were selected according to the most sophisticated techniques of probability sampling, the same techniques used in political polling and marketing. Its findings can thus be generalized to the population at large with a high degree of confidence.” As quoted in P. Robinson, “The Way We Do the Things We Do,” New York Times Book Review, 30 October 1994, p. 3.
[38] R. A. Kaslow et al., “The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study: Rationale, Organization, and Selected Characteristics of the Participants,” American Journal of Epidemiology 126, no. 2 (August 1987), pp. 310–18.
[39] D. McWhirter and A. Mattison, The Male Couple: How Relationships Develop (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1984), p. 3.
[40] A. P. Bell et al., Sexual Preference (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1981).
[41] A. P. Bell and M. S. Weinberg, Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity among Men and Women (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978), pp. 308–9.
[42] Blower and McLean, “Prophylactic Vaccines, Risk Behavior Change, and the Probability of Eradicating HIV in San Francisco.”
[43] See G. M. Mavligit et al., “Chronic Immune Stimulation by Sperm Alloantigens: Support for the Hypothesis That Spermatozoa Induce Immune Dysregulation in Homosexual Males,” Journal of the American Medical Association 251, no. 2 (13 January 1984), pp. 237–41.
[44] Pifer et al., “Borderline Immunodeficiency in Male Homosexuals: Is Life-Style Contributory?” Southern Medical Journal 80, no. 6 (June 1987), pp. 687–91, 697; T. Bergstrom et al., “Impaired Production of Alpha and Gamma Interferon in Asymptomatic Homosexual Males,” European Journal of Clinical Microbiology 5, no. 5 (October 1986), pp. 523–29.
[44] Michael et al., Sex in America, p. 205.
[46] W. Odets, in a report to the American Association of Physicians for Human Rights. Cited in E. L. Goldman, “Psychological Factors Generate HIV Resurgence in Young Gay Men,” Clinical Psychiatry News, October 1994, p. 5.
[47] Calculated by dividing 30 percent by 0.07 percent.
[48] Michael et al., Sex in America, p. 203. The actual risk for homosexual anal intercourse is somewhat greater, but still within the same ballpark.
[49] Calculated by 3/10 × 1/500 = 3/5000.
[50] See, for example, T. Myers et al., “Factors Affecting Gay and Bisexual Men’s Decisions and Intentions to Seek HIV Testing,” American Journal of Public Health 83, no. 5 (May 1993), pp. 701–4; S. Z. Wiktor et al., “Effect of Knowledge of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Status on Sexual Activity among Homosexual Men,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 3, no. 1 (1990), pp. 62–68; J. A. Kelly et al., “Situational Factors Associated with AIDS Risk Behavior Lapses and Coping Strategies Used by Gay Men Who Successfully Avoid Lapses,” American Journal of Public Health 81, no. 10 (October 1991), pp. 1335–38; and Odets, Report to American Association of Physicians for Human Rights.
[51] In an article posted to the sci.med.aids newsgroup on the Internet (message id 24405@sci.med.aids, 14 Jun 1995) Udo Schüklenk, a researcher at the Centre for Human Bioethics at Monash University in Australia argues (to a newsgroup evidently subscribed to largely by homosexual men who have AIDS or are HIV-positive or are at risk): “A number of authors have pointed out that gay men might have rational (i.e., acceptable) reasons for having risky sex. [E.g., J Sex Res 1992 29(4):561–568; J Sex Res 1993 30(4):344–346; Bioethics 1987 1(1):35–50; Health Care Analysis 1994 2(3):253–261]…. different value judgments of health promoters and sexually active individuals about the value of unsafe sex vs. the value of a long life have led to different conclusions as to what is acceptable individual behavior…. obviously to many gay men (perhaps the majority) … safe sex and fun seems to be a contradictio in adjecto [contradiction in terms]…. [P]ublic health campaigns assume that health is of a paramount value and that all other individual values must have a lower ranking. Hence they do not accept that certain types of sexual risk behavior can be the best of the available solutions…. I suggest that indeed certain types of motives for unsafe sexual behavior are rational and acceptable forms of autonomous decision making processes that should be accepted just as liberal societies accept other kinds of risk-taking for the sake of pleasure maximization.”
A similar argument was published in the Medical Journal of Australia 157:846.
[52] R. A. Kaslow et al., “AIDS Cohort Study.”
[53] L. S. Doll et al., “Homosexual Men Who Engage in High-Risk Sexual Behavior: A Multicenter Comparison,” Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 18, no. 3 (1991), pp. 170–75.
[54] A. Prieur, “Norwegian Gay Men: Reasons for Continued Practice of Unsafe Sex,” AIDS Education and Prevention 2, no. 2 (Summer 1990), pp. 109–15.
[55] J. D. Weinrich et al., “Effects of Recalled Childhood Gender Nonconformity on Adult Genitoerotic Role and AIDS Exposure,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 21, no. 6 (December 1992), pp. 559–85.
[56] “As you become more sexually experienced, you will soon discover your preferred sexual activities and positions. You may find that you prefer getting f__ed no matter the time, place, partner or position. You may have begun to find yourself evaluating the men you meet by a new index: the size, shape, and hardness of their c__s, how much they check out guys’ buns, and how often they come on by talking about f__ing or saying they’re interested in getting a__.
When this happens, you have become a bottom, or bottom man. The name, or course, derives from the placement of the person being f__ed — i.e., on the bottom.
“Being a bottom doesn’t mean that you always have to f__in the missionary position…. Being a bottom doesn’t make you less desirable than a top…. Being a bottom can be useful in meeting potential sex partners.
But we would be in error if we seemed to suggest that being a bottom is merely a matter of who f__s whom. It is, more importantly, a state of mind, a feeling one has about oneself in relationship to other men.” C. Silverstein and F. Picano, The New Joy of Gay Sex (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 18.
[57] D. Prager, “Judaism, Homosexuality, and Civilization,” Ultimate Issues 6, no. 2 (1990), pp. 2–3.
[58] It is “scientific” in that it is catalogued and abstracted by Medline, the international medical scientific database that follows the generally accepted standard of what constitutes a scientific journal in the area of medicine.
[59] C. K. Li, “‘The Main Thing Is Being Wanted’: Some Case Studies on Adult Sexual Experiences with Children,” Journal of Homosexuality 20, nos. 1–2 (1990), pp. 129–43.
[60] K. Plummer, “Understanding Childhood Sexualities,” Journal of Homosexuality 20, nos. 1–2 (1990), pp. 231–49.
[61] G. P. Jones, “The Study of Intergenerational Intimacy in North America: Beyond Politics and Pedophilia,” Journal of Homosexuality 20, nos. 1–2 (1990), pp. 275–95. In another highly unsettling crosslink between the normalization of pedophilia and the denial of child abuse, Ralph Unterwager recently gave an interview to Paedika in which he expressed his favorable opinion concerning pedophilia. Until this interview was publicized, Unterwager sat on the board of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation, an organization whose purpose is to help identify false claims of sexual molestation and to assist families that have been caught in the destructive effects of such false claims. Unterwager also is — or at least was — routinely cited by the defense in such cases as an expert in debunking the testimony of clinicians who claim to be able to verify sexual abuse in young children. Because of the sensitivity of this topic, let me emphasize that this note is meant neither to support nor to undermine the work of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation nor of the advocacy groups that exist to prevent child abuse and to help its victims. It is meant to highlight the shocking openness and seeming comfort with which pedophile activists now promote their interests within professional circles whose fiduciary responsibility is to the well-being of the people who depend on them.
[62] G. van Zessen, “A Model for Group Counseling with Male Pedophiles,” Journal of Homosexuality 20, nos. 1–2 (1990), pp. 189–98.
[63] A. van Naerssen, “Man-Boy Lovers: Assessment, Counseling, and Psychotherapy,” Journal of Homosexuality 20, nos. 1–2 (1990), pp. 175–87.
[64] K. Freund and R. J. Watson, “The Proportions of Heterosexual and Homosexual Pedophiles among Sex Offenders against Children: An Exploratory Study,” Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 18, no. 1 (1992), pp. 34–43.
[65] D. Thorstad, “Man/Boy Love and the American Gay Movement,” Journal of Homosexuality 20, nos. 1–2 (1990), pp. 251–74.
[66] Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association Press, 1994).
[67] P. LaBarbera in The Lambda Report, cited in NARTH Bulletin 3, no. 1 (April 1995), p. 3.
[68] H. Rosin, “Chickenhawk,” The New Republic, May 8, 1995.
[69] A. J. Miles, T. G. Allen-Mersh, and C. Wastell, “Effect of Anoreceptive Intercourse on Anorectal Function,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 86, no. 3 (March 1993), pp. 144–47.
[70] C. Fenger, “Anal Neoplasia and Its Precursors: Facts and Controversies,” Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology 8, no. 3 (August 1991), pp. 190–201; J. R. Daling et al., “Sexual Practices, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and the Incidence of Anal Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine 317, no. 16 (15 October 1987), pp. 973–77; E. A. Holly et al., “Anal Cancer Incidence: Genital Warts, Anal Fissure or Fistula, Hemorrhoids, and Smoking,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 81, no. 22 (November 1989), pp. 1726–31; J. R. Daling et al., “Correlates of Homosexual Behavior and the Incidence of Anal Cancer,” Journal of the American Medical Association 247, no. 14 (9 April 1982), pp. 1988–90; H. S. Cooper, A. S. Patchefsky, and G. Marks, “Cloacogenic Carcinoma of the Anorectum in Homosexual Men: An Observation of Four Cases,” Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 22, no. 8 (1979), pp. 557–58.
[71] L. McKusick et al., “Longitudinal Predictors of Reductions in Unprotected Anal Intercourse among Gay Men in San Francisco: The AIDS Behavioral Research Project,” American Journal of Public Health 80, no. 8 (August 1990), pp. 978–83.
[72] F. N. Judson, “Sexually Transmitted Viral Hepatitis and Enteric Pathogens,” Urology Clinics of North America 11, no. 1 (February 1984), pp. 177–85. See also: D. E. Koziol et al., “A Comparison of Risk Factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus Infections in Homosexual Men,” Annals of Epidemiology 3, no. 4 (July 1993), pp. 434–41; G. Hart, “Factors Associated with Hepatitis B Infection,” International Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS 4, no. 2 (1993), pp. 102–6; T. Weinke et al., “Prevalence and Clinical Importance of Entamoeba Histolytica in Two High-Risk Groups: Travelers Returning from the Tropics and Male Homosexuals,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 161, no. 5 (May 1990), pp. 1029–31; A. Rodriguez-Pichardo et al., “Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Homosexual Males in Seville, Spain,” Genitourinary Medicine 67, no. 4 (August 1991), pp. 335–38; D. I. Abrams, “The Relationship between Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Intestinal Parasites among Homosexual Males in the United States,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 3, no. 1 (1990), Supplement 1, p. S44–46; B. E. Laughon et al., “Recovery of Campylobacter Species from Homosexual Men,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 158, no. 2 (August 1988), pp. 464–67; N. J. Bodsworth et al., “Hepatitis Delta Virus in Homosexual Men in Sydney,” Genitourinary Medicine 65, no. 4 (August 1989), pp. 235–38; T. Takeuchi, “Sexually Transmitted Amoebiasis: Current Epidemiology,” Kitasato Archives of Experimental Medicine 61, no. 4 (December 1988), pp. 171–79; W. Tee et al., “Campylobacter Cryaerophila Isolated from a Human,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology 26, no. 12 (December 1988), pp. 2469–73; B. E. Laughon, “Prevalence of Enteric Pathogens in Homosexual Men with and without Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,” Gastroenterology 94, no. 4 (April 1988), pp. 984–93; T. C. Quinn, “Clinical Approach to Intestinal Infections in Homosexual Men,” Medical Clinics of North America 70, no. 3 (May 1986), pp. 611–34; A. Khairul Anuar, “Gay Men-Bowel Syndrome: a Report of Parasitic Infection in Homosexual Patients,” Medical Journal of Malaysia 40, no. 4 (December 1985), pp. 325–29; S. L. Mann et al., “Prevalence and Incidence of Herpesvirus Infections among Homosexually Active Men,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 149, no. 6 (June 1984), pp. 1026–27; P. A. Totten, “Campylobacter Cinaedi (sp. nov.) and Campylobacter Fennelliae (sp. nov.): Two New Campylobacter Species Associated with Enteric Disease in Homosexual Men,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 151, no. 1 (January 1985), pp. 131–39; H. Schmidt, A. S. Jorgensen, and H. O. Petersen, “An Epidemic of Syphilis among Homosexuals and Bisexuals,” Acta Dermatologica Venereologica [Supplement] (Stockholm) 120, no. 1 (1985), pp. 65–67; T. C. Quinn, “Gay Bowel Syndrome: The Broadened Spectrum of Nongenital Infection,” Postgraduate Medicine 76, no. 2 (August 1984), pp. 197–98, 201–10; E. K. Markell et al., “Intestinal Protozoa in Homosexual Men of the San Francisco Bay Area: Prevalence and Correlates of Infection,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 33, no. 2 (March 1984), pp. 239–45; E. Allason-Jones and A. Mindel, “Sex and the Bowel,” International Journal of Colorectal Disease 2, no. 1 (February 1987), pp. 32–37; D. S. Tompkins et al., “Isolation and Characterization of Intestinal Spirochaetes,” Journal of Clinical Pathology 39, no. 5 (May 1986), pp. 535–41.
[73] W. F. Owen, Jr., “Medical Problems of the Homosexual Adolescent,” Journal of Adolescent Health Care 6, no. 4 (July 1985), pp. 278–85.
[74] P. Cameron, W. L. Playfair, and S. Wellum, “The Homosexual Lifespan,” Presentation to the Eastern Psychological Association, April 1993. General population data is available from the census bureau and closely matches the authors’ samples. As in Sex in America, although homosexuals are included in the general sample, the proportion is too small to create a significant distortion and, if anything, would tend to mitigate the differences between homosexuals and heterosexuals, not enhance them.
[75] Brian Suarez, a researcher at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. Cited in Mann, “Behavioral Genetics in Transition,” p. 1688.
[76] For an excellent nontechnical critique of the limitations of genetics research into many areas of human behavior, see J. Horgan, “Eugenics Revisited,” Scientific American, June 1993, pp. 123–31.
[77] K. E. Ernulf, S. M. Innala, and F. L. Whitam, “Biological Explanation, Psychological Explanation, and Tolerance of Homosexuals: A Cross-National Analysis of Beliefs and Attitudes,” Psychological Reports 65 (1989), pp. 1003–10 (1 of 3).
[78] A lower score on this scale means a less negative attitude toward homosexuality.
[79] J. Piskur and D. Degelman, “Effect of Reading a Summary of Research about Biological Bases of Homosexual Orientation in Attitudes Toward Homosexuals,” Psychological Reports 71 (1992), pp. 1219–25 (part 2 of 3).
[80] S. LeVay, “A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men,” Science 253 (1991), pp. 1034–37.
[81] D. Swaab and M. Hofman, “An Enlarged Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in Homosexual Men,” Brain Research 537 (1990), pp. 141–48.
[82] K. Klivingston, assistant to the President of the Salk Institute, cited by K. Lansing in “Homosexuality: Theories of Causation, Reorientation and the Politics and Ethics Involved,” Proceedings of the 1993 Annual Scientific Meeting of the National Association for Research and Treatment of Homosexuality, p. 50.
[83] G. Gabbard, “Psychodynamic Psychiatry in the ‘Decade of the Brain,’” American Journal of Psychiatry 149, no. 8 (1992), pp. 991–98.
[84] R. Post, “Transduction of Psychosocial Stress into the Neurobiology of Recurrent Affective Disorder,” American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 8 (1992), pp. 999–1010.
[85] Gabbard, “Psychodynamic Psychiatry.”
[86] J. Maddox, “Is Homosexuality Hardwired?” Nature 353 (September 1991), p. 13.
[87] P. Billings and J. Beckwith, “Born Gay?” Technology Review, July 1993, p. 60. Paul Billings, M.D., is the former chief of the Division of Genetic Medicine at California Pacific Medical Center in Palo Alto, California, and is now head of Internal Medicine at the Palo Alto Veteran’s Administration Hospital; Jonathan Beckwith, M.D., is American Cancer Society Research Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics at Harvard Medical School.
[88] Ibid., p. 60.
[89] Ibid., p. 61.
Chapter 5: Two of a Kind
[90] J. M. Bailey and R. C. Pillard, “A Genetic Study of Male Sexual Orientation,” Archives of General Psychiatry 48 (1991), pp. 1089–96; M. King and E. McDonald, “Homosexuals Who Are Twins: A Study of 46 Probands,” British Journal of Psychiatry 160 (1992), pp. 407–9; Bailey et al., “Heritable Factors,” pp. 217–23.
[91] Bailey and Pillard, “Male Sexual Orientation.”
[92] Theodore Lidz, “Reply to ‘A Genetic Study of Male Sexual Orientation,’” Archives of General Psychiatry 50, no. 3 (1993), p. 240.
[93] Eckert et al., “Monozygotic Twins Reared Apart,” pp. 421–25.
[94] W. Byne and B. Parsons, “Human Sexual Orientation: The Biologic Theories Reappraised,” Archives of General Psychiatry 50, no. 3, pp. 228–39.
[95] King and McDonald, “Homosexuals Who Are Twins.” My emphasis.
[96] Doll et al., “Self-Reported Abuse.”
[90] Billings and Beckwith, “Born Gay?” p. 60.
[98] Ibid., p. 61.
[99] Ironically, if activists’ claims were accurate that 10 percent of the population is homosexual, then this finding alone would tend to refute the idea of any genetic influence on male homosexuality. In effect, it would imply that even with some 50 percent shared genes, and being raised in the same environment, the nontwin brother of a homosexual is no more likely to be homosexual than someone selected at random from the population at large. Since the true incidence of male homosexuality is about 3 percent, this finding suggests that genetic similarity plus similar environment increases the likelihood that the nontwin brother of a homosexual will himself be homosexual from 3 percent to 9 percent. The difference in such small percentages could easily be accounted for on the basis of environment alone.
[100] Calculated by 52 percent divided by 22 percent.
[101] Calculated by 22 percent divided by 9 percent.
[102] Bailey et al., “Heritable Factors,” pp. 217–23.
[103] My emphases. J. P. Rushton, Race Evolution and Behavior: A Life History Perspective (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), p. 47. Dizygotic correlations of from 9 to 22 percent among siblings raised in the same household are not significant.
[104] Quoted by J. Horgan, “Eugenics Revisited,” Scientific American, June 1993, p. 123.
[105] C. Mann, “Genes and Behavior,” Science 264 (1994), pp. 1686–89.
[106] Ibid.
[107] W. Byne, “Science and Belief: Psychobiological Research on Sexual Orientation,” Journal of Homosexuality, in press.
[108] D. Jefferson, “Studying the Biology of Sexual Orientation Has Political Fallout,” Wall Street Journal, 12 August 1993, p. 1.
[109] Byne and Parsons, “Human Sexual Orientation.”
[110] Wiesel, “Genetics and Behavior,” Science, p. 1647.
[111] J. Knop et al., “A 30-Year Follow-up Study of the Sons of Alcoholic Men,” Acta Psychiatrica (Denmark) 370 (1993), pp. 48–53; K. S. Kendler et al., “A Population–Based Twin Study of Alcoholism in Women,” Journal of the American Medical Association 268, no. 14 (1992), pp. 1877–82; J. B. Peterson et al., “Cognitive Dysfunction and the Inherited Predisposition to Alcoholism,” Journal of Studies in Alcoholism 53, no. 2 (1992), pp. 154–60.
[112] S. Y. Hill et al., “Cardiac Responsivity in Individuals at High Risk for Alcoholism,” Journal of Studies in Alcoholism 53, no. 4 (1992), pp. 378–88; P. R. Finn et al., “Sensation Seeking, Stress Reactivity, and Alcohol Dampening Discriminate the Density of a Family History of Alcoholism,” Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research 16, no. 3 (1992), pp. 585–90.
[113] Prior to the invention of synthetic agents, alcohol was widely used in hospitals — sometimes intravenously — to calm nerves, dull pain, suppress seizures, and cause sleep. See D. S. Cowley et al., “Response to Diazepam in Sons of Alcoholics,” Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research 16, no. 6 (1992), pp. 1057–63.
[114] N. el-Guabely et al., “Adult Children of Alcoholics in Treatment Programs for Anxiety Disorders and Substance Abuse,” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 8 (1992), pp. 544–48; S. M. Mirin et al., “Psychopathology in Drug Abusers and Their Families,” Comparative Psychiatry 32, no. 1 (1991), pp. 36–51; M. W. Otto et al., “Alcohol Dependence In Panic Disorder Patients,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 26, no, 1 (1992), pp. 29–38; G. Winokur and W. Coryell, “Familial Subtypes of Unipolar Depression: A Prospective Study of Familial Pure Depressive Disease Compared to Depressive Spectrum Disease,” Biological Psychiatry 32, no. 11 (1992), pp. 1012–18.
[115] Cowley et al., “Response to Diazepam.”
[116] Cowley et al., “Response to Diazepam”; Hill et al., “Cardiac Responsivity”; Finn et al., “Sensation Seeking.”
[117] See C. Holden, “A Cautionary Genetic Tale: The Sobering Story of D2,” Science 264, pp. 1696–97.
[118] See Bailey and Pillard, “Male Sexual Orientation,” and surrounding discussion.
[119] L. Frank, S. Glickman, and P. Licht, “Fatal Sibling Aggression, Precocial Development and Androgens in Neonatal Spotted Hyenas,” Science 252 (1991), pp. 702–4.
[120] G. Dörner et al., “Gene- and Environment-Dependent Neuroendocrine Etiogenesis of Homosexuality and Transsexualism,” Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology 98, no. 2 (1991), pp. 141–50.
[121] See Byne and Parsons, “Human Sexual Orientation,” for a summary of counterfindings and conclusions.
[122] H. Meyer-Bahlburg, “Psychoendocrine Research on Sexual Orientation: Current Status and Future Options,” Progress in Brain Research 61 (1984), pp. 375–98; J. Downey et al., “Sex Hormones and Lesbian and Heterosexual Women,” Hormones and Behavior 21 (1987), pp. 347–57. Cited and discussed in Byne and Parsons, “Human Sexual Orientation.”
[123] Byne and Parsons, “Human Sexual Orientation,” p. 230.
[124] A. Galaburda, et al., “Right-Left Asymmetries in the Brain,” Science 199, no. 4331 (1974), pp. 852–56; N. Geschwind, “Anatomical Asymmetry as the Basis for Cerebral Dominance,” Federal Proceedings 37, no. 9 (1978), pp. 2263–66; A. Galaburda and N. Geschwind, “Anatomical Asymmetries in the Adult and Developing Brain and Their Implications for Function,” Advances in Pediatrics 28 (1991), pp. 271–92.
[125] P. Satz, et al., “Hand Preference in Homosexual Men,” Cortex 27 (1991), pp. 295–306.
[126] C. McCormick, S. Witelson, and E. Kingstone, “Left-Handedness in Homosexual Men and Women: Neuroendocrine Implications,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 15, no. 1 (1990), pp. 69–79.
[127] N. Risch, E. Squires-Wheeler, and J. B. K. Bronya, “Male Sexual Orientation and Genetic Evidence,” Science 262 (1993), pp. 2063–65.
[128] J. McDougall, “The Dead Father: On Early Psychic Trauma and Its Relation to Disturbance in Sexual Identity and in Creative Activity,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis 70, no. 2 (1989), pp. 205–19.
[129] Doll et al., “Self-Reported Abuse.”
[130] G. A. Rekers et al., “Family Correlates of Male Childhood Gender Disturbance,” Journal of Genetics and Psychology 142, no. 1 (1983), pp. 31–42.
[131] G. A. Rekers and J. J. Swihart, “The Association of Gender Identity Disorder with Parental Separation,” Psychological Reports 65, no. 3, 2 (1989), pp. 1272–74.
[132] G. A. Rekers, “The Formation of Homosexual Orientation,” Address to the North American Social Science Network Conference (1987).
[133] D. H. Hamer et al., “A Linkage between DNA Markers on the X-chromosome and Male Sexual Orientation,” Science 261, no. 5119, pp. 321–27.
[134] “Research Points Toward a Gay Gene,” Wall Street Journal, 16 July 1993.
[135] It was precisely the failure to find such confirming data that torpedoed the “bipolar gene.”
[136] Risch et al., “Male Sexual Orientation and Genetic Evidence.”
[137] D. H. Hamer et al., “Response to N. Risch et al.,” Science 262 (1993), p. 2065.
[138] Ibid.
[139] Mann, “Genes and Behavior,” p. 1687.
[140] E. Marshall, “NIH’s ‘Gay Gene’ Study Questioned,” Science 268 (1995), p. 1841.
[141] Byne and Parsons, “Human Sexual Orientation,” pp. 228–39; my emphasis.
[142] See E. Wind, Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967).
[143] See C. S. Lewis, The Abolition of Man (New York: Macmillan, 1947).
[144] “Purpose” in the higher sense, not merely the self- and species-protecting purpose of evolutionary biology.
[145] See R. Herrnstein and C. Murray, The Bell Curve (Boston: Free Press, 1994).
[146] The Greek philosopher Archimedes is known for his invention of geometry and of the lever: He stated, “give me a long enough lever and a fulcrum at the right place and I can move the entire earth.”
[147] T. S. Eliot, “Burnt Norton II,” Four Quartets in The Complete Poems and Plays (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1971), p. 119.
[148] J. DeCecco, “Confusing the Actor with the Act: Muddled Notions about Homosexuality,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 20, no. 4 (1990), pp. 421–23.
[149] For a particularly powerful story of such healing, see Mario Bergner’s Setting Love in Order (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 1995).
[150] R. Lau et al., “Trends in Sexual Behavior in a Cohort of Homosexual Men: A 7-Year Prospective Study,” International Journal for the Study of AIDS 3, no. 4 (1992), pp. 267–72; A. Lifson, “Men Who Have Sex with Men: Continued Challenges for Preventing HIV Infection and AIDS [Editorial],” American Journal of Public Health 82, no. 2 (1992), pp. 166–67; S. Adib et al., “Prediction of Relapse in Sexual Practices among Homosexual Men,” AIDS Education and Prevention 3, no. 4 (1991), pp. 293–304; “Patterns of Sexual Behavior Change among Homosexual/Bisexual Men — Selective U.S. Sites, 1987–1990,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 40, no. 46 (1991), pp. 792–94; L. S. Doll et al., “Homosexual Men Who Engage in High-Risk Sexual Behavior: A Multicenter Comparison,” Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 18, no. 3 (1991), pp. 170–75; C. Kuiken et al., “Risk Factors and Changes in Sexual Behavior in Male Homosexuals Who Seroconverted for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibodies,” American Journal of Epidemiology 132, no. 3 (1990), pp. 523–30.
[151] See, for example, J. Maddox, “Is Homosexuality Hardwired?” Nature 353 (September 1991), p. 13.
[152] T. Sejnowski and C. Rosenberg, “NetTalk: A Parallel Network That Learns to Read Aloud,” in Neurocomputing: Foundations of Research, J. A. Anderson and E. Rosenfeld, eds. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988).
[153] D. Jefferson, “Studying the Biology of Sexual Orientation Has Political Fallout,” Wall Street Journal, 12 August 1993, p. 1.
[154] Maddox, “Is Homosexuality Hardwired?”
[155] M. A. Bozarth and R. A. Wise, “Toxicity Associated with Long-Term Intravenous Heroin and Cocaine Self-Administration in the Rat, Journal of the American Medical Association 5, 254, no. 1 (1985), pp. 81–83; M. W. Fischman, “Behavioral Pharmacology of Cocaine,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 49, no. 1 (1988), pp. 7–10 (Supplement).
[156] J. McDougall, “Identifications, Neoneeds and Neosexualities,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis 67, no. 1 (1986), pp. 19–31.
[157] What about those homosexuals who are not promiscuous? Remember the study of 100 male couples cited previously in which not one had remained together and faithful for even five years. While “mere” infidelity of an indeterminate frequency may not be considered “promiscuity” by today’s standards, it is clear that monogamy is less typical of homosexuals than of heterosexuals, with few exceptions. Because in this study there were no exceptions, the researchers concluded approvingly that gay sexuality is inherently “nonmonogamous.” D. McWhirter and A. Mattison, The Male Couple: How Relationships Develop (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1984).
[158] A discussion of how some of the most advanced science of our era does indeed support such freedom would take us beyond the scope of this book. See, for example, H. Stapp, Mind, Matter, and Quantum Mechanics (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1994).
[159] See 1 Corinthians 10.
[160] M. C. Luzzato, Derech Hashem (The Way of God), trans. A Kaplan (Jerusalem: Feldheim, 1988), pp. 121–23. Unknown to the secular, nonobservant-Jewish, and Christian worlds, Luzzato (1707–1748) was one of the great geniuses of European Jewry. Derech Hashem is a comprehensive summary of Jewish theology encompassing the Torah, the Prophets, the Talmud, and Kabbalah.
[161] In Hebrew, the word for fool means less someone who is unintelligent in matters of the mind as in matters of the heart.
[162] S. Freud, Totem and Taboo, Standard Edition (1913), p. 12.
[163] Michael Piazza, senior pastor at the Cathedral of Hope, commenting on Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13, which describe both male and female homosexuality as “an abomination” (New York Times, October 30, 1994, p. 16).
[164] See, for example, Sallie McFague’s “Models of God.”
Chapter 11: To Treat or Not to Treat
[165] Such as Coleman et al., “Sexual and Intimacy Dysfunction.”
[166] T. F. Murphy, “Freud and Sexual Reorientation Therapy,” Journal of Homosexuality 23, no. 3 (1992), pp. 21–38.
[167]. C. Crepault, “Un Regard Sexoanalytique sur L’homosexualité,” Contraception et Fertilité Sexuelle 22, no. 1 (1994), pp. 41–47.
[168] A. Cantom-Dutari, “Combined Intervention for Controlling Unwanted Homosexual Behavior: An Extended Follow-up,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 5, no. 4 (1976), pp. 269–74.
[169] C. W. Socarides, “Beyond Sexual Freedom: Clinical Fallout,” American Journal of Psychotherapy 30, no. 3 (1976), pp. 385–97.
[170] Later, this attitude changed. Thus an article appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1991 entitled, “Medical Recovery through a Higher Power” (Journal of the American Medical Association 226, no. 21, pp. 3065–66).
[171] AA is even associated with reduced physical illness. See R. E. Mann et al., “Reduction in Cirrhosis Deaths in the United States: Associations with Per Capita Consumption and AA Membership,” Journal of Studies in Alcoholism 52, no. 4 (1991), pp. 361–65.
[172] See B. Johnson, “A Developmental Model of Addictions, and its Relationship to the Twelve-Step Program of Alcoholics Anonymous, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 10, no. 1 (1993), pp. 23–24.
[173] The March 1993 Psychiatric Clinics of North America, a major publication, provides a summary of AA membership data (dropout rates, recidivism, demographics, and so on). It presents AA as a useful and successful method of treatment and teaches psychiatrists how to facilitate their patients’ approach to AA. It does not provide, however, any explanation of why it works. J. N. Chappel, “Long-Term Recovery from Alcoholism,” Psychiatric Clinics of North America 16, no. 1 (1993), pp. 177–87.
[174] Gilbert, “Development of a ‘Steps Questionnaire.’ “
[175] T. S. Eliot, “East Coker IV,” Four Quartets in The Complete Poems and Plays (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World: 1971), p. 127.
[176] T. F. Murphy, “Freud and Sexual Reorientation Therapy,” Journal of Homosexuality 23, no. 3 (1992), pp. 21–38.
[177] H. MacIntosh, “Attitudes and Experiences of Psychoanalysts in Analyzing Homosexual Patients,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 42, no. 4 (1995), pp. 1183–1207.
[178] Psychiatric News 28, no. 15 (1993), p. 13.
[179] NARTH has a quarterly bulletin and sponsors annual professional conferences on both the East and West Coasts.
[180] Cited in G. Morris, review of When Wish Replaces Thought: Why So Much of What You Believe Is False, by Steven Goldberg, National Review (October 19, 1992), p. 65.
[181] Journal of the American Psychiatric Association, vol. 150 (1993).
[182] Cited in NARTH Bulletin 1, no. 4 (1993), p. 4.
[183] As reported in NARTH Bulletin 1, no. 3 (1993), p. 5.
[184] J. Nicolosi, Reparative Therapy of Male Homosexuality: A New Clinical Approach (New York: Jason Aronson, 1991).
[185] J. Nicolosi, “Intervention Techniques of Reparative Therapy,” Address to Second National NARTH Conference, San Francisco, 20 May 1993.
[186] J. Nicolosi, Reparative Therapy, cover insert, p. xvi.
[187] Nicolosi, Reparative Therapy, as listed in NARTH Bulletin 1, no. 3 (1993).
[188] A. Cantom-Dutari, “Combined Intervention for Controlling Unwanted Homosexual Behavior, pp. 269–74.
[189] Schwartz and Masters, “The Masters and Johnson Treatment Program for Dissatisfied Homosexual Men,” American Journal of Psychiatry 141, pp. 173–81.
[190] DSM-IV, p. 528.
[191]. Quoted in NARTH Bulletin 1, no. 3 (1993), p. 5.
[192] D. H. Golwyn and C. P. Sevlie, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 54, no. 1, pp. 39–40.
[193] Nicolosi, Reparative Therapy, pp. 100–101.
[194] J. F. Porter, “Homosexuality Treated Adventitiously in a Stuttering Therapy Program: A Case Report Presenting a Heterophobic Orientation,” Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 10, no. 2 (1976), pp. 185–89.
[195] See Schwartz and Masters, “Treatment Program for Dissatisfied Homosexual Men.”
[196] M. J. Kruesi et al., “Paraphilias: A Double-Blind Crossover Comparison of Clomipramine versus Desipramine,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 21, no. 6 (1992), pp. 587–93; M. P. Kafka, “Successful Treatment of Paraphilic Coercive Disorder (a rapist) with Fluoxetine Hydrochloride,” British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 1 (1991), pp. 844–47; R. D. Perilstein, S. Lipper, and L. J. Friedman, “Three Cases of Paraphilias Responsive to Fluoxetine Treatment,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 52, no. 4 (1991), pp. 169–70; M. P. Kafka, “Successful Antidepressant Treatment of Nonparaphilic Sexual Addictions and Paraphilias in Men,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 52, no. 2 (1991), pp. 60–65; J. Kerbeshian and L. Burd, “Tourette Syndrome and Recurrent Paraphilic Masturbatory Fantasy [letter],” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 36, no. 2 (1991), pp. 155–57; V. T. Jorgensen, “Cross-Dressing Successfully Treated with Fluoxetine [letter],” Comment in New York State Journal of Medicine 91, no. 4 (1991), p. 171; M. D. Bianchi, “Fluoxetine Treatment of Exhibitionism [letter],” American Journal of Psychiatry 147, no. 8 (1990), pp. 1089–90; N. P. Emmanuel, R. B. Lydiard, and J. C. Ballenger, “Fluoxetine Treatment of Voyeurism,” American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 7 (1991), p. 950; M. P. Kafka and E. Coleman, “Serotonin and Paraphilias: The Convergence of Mood, Impulse, and Compulsive Disorders,” Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 11, no. 3 (1991), pp. 223–24; M. P. Kafka and R. Prentky, “A Comparative Study of Non-Paraphiliac Sexual Addictions and Paraphilias in Men,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 53, no. 10 (1992), pp. 345–50.
[197] M. P. Kafka and R. Prentky, “Fluoxetine Treatment of Nonparaphilic Sexual Addictions and Paraphilias in Men,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 53, no. 10 (1992), pp. 351–58. Quoting the authors:
Paraphilias (PAs) and non-paraphilic sexual addictions (NPSAs) may be behaviors that share a common perturbation of central serotonin neuroregulation as a component of their pathophysiology. Fluoxetine was selected as an agent that might mitigate these behaviors, based on the observations that PAs and NPSAs are associated with depression, compulsion, impulsivity, and disinhibited aggression…. 95 percent of [the] men met non-exclusionary DSM-III-R criteria for dysthymia and … 55 percent met criteria for current major depression. At baseline, the paraphilic and the nonparaphilic subgroups were comparable in most intergroup measures of sexual function…. Statistically significant reduction in PA/NPSA response was evident by Week 4, while conventional sexual behavior was not adversely affected by pharmacotherapy…. Enhancement of central serotonin neurotransmission by fluoxetine may ameliorate symptoms of mood disorder, heightened sexual desire, and compulsivity/impulsivity associated with these conditions.
See also D. J. Stein et al., “Serotonergic Medications for Sexual Obsessions, Sexual Addictions, and Paraphilias,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 53, no. 8 (1992), pp. 267–71; M. P. Kafka, “Successful Antidepressant Treatment of Nonparaphilic Sexual Addictions and Paraphilias in Men,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 52, no. 2 (1991), pp. 60–65.
[198] The recent APA decision to no longer classify perverse sexualities as paraphilias unless they cause distress to the individual himself and loss of function in some other area of life undermines these hard-won clinical understandings. It has already led to claims by, for example, sado-masochistic groups that they have won the battle to normalize their perversion and to similar claims by pedophile groups.
[199] Kafka, “Successful Antidepressant Treatment”: “The author conceptualizes these behaviors as sexual dysregulation disorders associated with a primary mood disorder.”
[200] Post coitum omne animal triste: an ancient Latin proverb meaning “after coitus every animal is sad.”
[201] L. Lorefice, “Fluoxetine Treatment of a Fetish,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 52, no. 1, p. 41.
[202] The increased incidence of other paraphilias among homosexuals — sado-masochism, fetishism, cross-dressing — seems obvious, but there are as yet no formal studies on the subject.
[203] “Gays Are More Prone to Substance Abuse,” Insight, 5 November 1990. GLHF attributes this to the “victimization” of homosexuals.
[204] D. B. Larson et al., “Systematic Analysis of Research on Religious Variables in Four Major Psychiatric Journals, 1978–1982,” American Journal of Psychiatry 143, no. 3 (1986), pp. 329–34.
[205] E. M. Pattison and M. L. Pattison, “‘Ex-Gays’: Religiously Mediated Change in Homosexuals,” American Journal of Psychiatry 137, no. 12 (1980), pp. 1553–62.
[206] Catholic Church, Catechism of the Catholic Church (Chicago: [distributed by] Loyola University Press, 1994), Part Three: Life in Christ, p. 566.
[207] A. Comiskey, Pursuing Sexual Wholeness: How Jesus Heals the Homosexual (Lake Mary, Fla.: Creation House, 1989).
[208] Ibid., p. 192.
[209] M. Bergner, Setting Love in Order (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 1995).
[210] Ibid., p. 23.
[211] Thus, from a secular perspective, Nicolosi expands on Elizabeth Moberley’s idea of “defensive detachment” from men as one typical response of prehomosexual boys to wounding by their fathers. See Nicolosi, Reparative Therapy.
[212] See F. A. Schaeffer, How Should We Then Live? (Old Tappan, N.J.: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1976).
[213] See L. Payne, The Healing of the Homosexual (Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway Books, 1985); L. Payne, Crisis in Masculinity (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1985, 1995); L. Payne, The Broken Image (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1981, 1995); L. Payne, The Healing Presence (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1989, 1996); L. Payne, Restoring the Christian Soul: Overcoming Barriers to Completion in Christ through Healing Prayer (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1995); L. Payne, Listening Prayer: Learning to Hear God’s Voice and Keep a Prayer Journal (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1994).
[214] R. P. Bulka, One Man, One Woman, One Lifetime: An Argument for Moral Tradition (Lafayette, Louisiana: Huntington House, 1995), p. 9.
[215] A. Vorspan, “Is American Jewry Unraveling?” Reform Judaism, Summer 1995, p. 11.
[216] Bulka, One Man, One Woman, One Lifetime.
[217] In the Orthodox view, all 613 commandments in the Torah (Sinaitic Commandments) are binding only on Jews to this day. The Noahide moral commandments are a subset of these. The former include additional and more stringent moral commandments as well as ritual requirements, such as the laws of Kashruth (Kosher food) and circumcision. According to the Talmud (Sanhedrin 56–60) in its exegesis of Genesis starting at 2:16, the seven commandments binding on Noah and all his descendants are:
(1) to refrain from the worship of idols;
(2) to refrain from blaspheming God;
(3) to establish courts of justice;
(4) to refrain from murder;
(5) to refrain from adultery;
(6) to refrain from robbery; and
(7) to refrain from eating flesh cut from a living animal.
The prohibition against homosexuality is a specific part of the Noahide injunction against adultery. See M. Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Hilkoth Melachim 7:2 (ca. 1190).
[218] Signatories: Rabbi B. Freundel, Chair, RCA Ethics Commission, and Rabbi R. P. Bulka, RCA ad hoc Committee on Homosexuality. Rabbi Bulka holds a Ph.D. in clinical psychology and is editor of Psychology and Judaism.
[219] R. Bulka, One Man, One Woman, One Lifetime, p. 35.
[220] Ibid., pp. 84–85, commenting on R. Aharon Levi, Sefer HaHinnukh, no. 16.
[221] M. Nachmanides, Iggeret HaKodesh (The Holy Letter), S. Cohen, ed. and trans., (New York: Ktav Publishing House, 1976), chapter 2; cited in Bulka, One Man, One Woman, One Lifetime, p. 137.
[222] As was noted of Rabbi Ben Azzai, a great second century Talmudic sage: “It was taught: R. Eliezer stated, ‘He who does not engage in the propagation of the race is as though he sheds blood.’ … They said to Ben Azzai: ‘Some preach well and act well; others act well but do not preach well; you, however, preach well but do not act well!’ Ben Azzai replied: ‘But what shall I do, seeing that my soul is in love with the Torah; the world can be carried on by others.’” (Yebamoth, 63b), referenced by Bulka, One Man, One Woman, One Lifetime, p. 11.
[223] For a careful discussion of this point from the Orthodox Jewish perspective, see B. Freundel, “Homosexuality and Judaism,” Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society 11 (1986), pp. 70–87.
[224] “… gender nonconformity and precocious psychosexual development were predictive of self harm…. For each year’s delay in bisexual or homosexual self-labeling, the odds of a suicide attempt diminish by 80 percent.” [G. Remafedi, J. A. Farrow, and R. W. Deisher. “Risk Factors for Attempted Suicide in Gay Bisexual Youth,” Pediatrics 87, no. 6 (1991), pp. 869–75.] “The very experience of acquiring a homosexual or bisexual identity at an early age places the individual at risk for dysfunction. This conclusion is strongly supported by the data. [G. Remafedi, “Adolescent Homosexuality: Psychosocial and Medical Implications,” Pediatrics 79, no. 3 (1987), pp. 331–37.]
[225] Between 1920 and 1960 the explicitly anti-religious regimes of Germany, Russia, and China killed, respectively, 12 million, 30 million, and 50 million innocents.
[226] C. G. Jung, “Wotan,” Civilization in Transition, Collected Works, vol. 10 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1918), p. 13.
[227] H. Heine, The Works of Heinrich Heine, vol. V (London: William Heinemann, 1892), pp. 207–9. The passage as cited is my own translation.
[228] C. S. Lewis, The Screwtape Letters (New York: Macmillan, 1964).
[229] M. Zeller, “The Task of the Analyst,” Psychological Perspectives 6, no. 1 (1975), pp. 74–78, cited in M. Stein, Jung’s Treatment of Christianity (Wilmette, Ill.: Chiron, 1985), p. 188.
[230] Stein, Jung’s Treatment of Christianity, pp. 188–89.
[231] C. G. Jung, Aion. Collected Works, vol. 9, 2 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959), p. 41.
[232] Ibid.
[233] C. G. Jung, Psychological Types, Collected Works, vol. 6 (Princeton: Bollingen/Princeton University Press, 1920), p. 17.
[234] M. T. Kelsey and B. Kelsey, The Sacrament of Sexuality: The Spirituality and Psychology of Sex (Rockport, Mass.: Element, 1991).
[235] Ibid., p. 191.
[236] B. Berger, “The Soul and the Machine,” NetGuide, February 1995, p. 19.
[237] See G. Paris, The Sacrament of Abortion (Dallas: Spring Publications, 1992).
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